Numerical Investigation of Layered Homogeneous Skull Model for Simulations of Transcranial Focused Ultrasound.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The influence of the intracranial pressure field must be discussed with the development of a single-element transducer for low-intensity transcranial focused ultrasound because the skull plays a significant role in blocking and dispersing ultrasound wave propagation. Ultrasound propagation is mainly affected by the structure and acoustic properties of the skull; thus, we aimed to investigate the impact of simplifying the acoustic properties of the skull on the simulation of the transcranial pressure field to present guidance for efficient skull modeling in full-wave simulations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We constructed a three-dimensional computational model for ultrasound transmission with the same structure but varying acoustic properties of the skull. The structural information and heterogeneous acoustic properties of the skull were acquired from computed tomography images, and we segmented the skull into three layers (3 L), including spongy and compact bones. We then assigned homogeneous acoustic properties to a single layer (1 L) or 3 L of the skull. In addition, we investigated the influence of different types of transducers and different ultrasound frequencies (1.1 MHz, 0.5 MHz, and 0.25 MHz) on the intracranial pressure field to provide a comparison of the heterogenous and homogeneous models. RESULTS: We indicated the importance of numerical simulations in estimating the intracranial pressure field of the skull owing to beam distortions. When we simplified the skull model, both the 1 L and 3 L models showed contours of the acoustic focus comparable to those of the heterogeneous model. When we evaluated the peak pressure and volume of the acoustic focus, the 1 L model produced a better estimation of peak pressure with a difference <10%, and the 3 L model is suitable to obtain smaller errors in the volume of the acoustic focus. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, we examined the possibility of simplification of skull models using 1 L and 3 L homogeneous properties in the numerical simulation for focused ultrasound. The results show that the layered homogeneous model can provide characteristics comparable to those of the acoustic focus in heterogeneous models.

The Role of Sensory Impairment in Cognitive Health Appraisal: A Study of Older Korean Americans Living in Subsidized Senior Housing.

OBJECTIVES: We examined how the association between cognitive performance and cognitive health appraisal would be moderated by vision and/or hearing impairment. METHODS: Data were collected from 315 older Korean-American residents in subsidized senior housing in Los Angeles (M age = 79.4 years). Linear regression models examined the direct and interactive effects of cognitive performance, vision impairment, and hearing impairment on cognitive health appraisal. RESULTS: Negative appraisal of cognitive health was associated with lower cognitive performance and poorer ratings for vision and hearing. Moreover, we found a significant interaction between cognitive performance and hearing impairment (ß = .13, p < .05), as well as a three-way interaction among cognitive performance, vision impairment, and hearing impairment (ß = .12, p < .05). DISCUSSION: The association between objective and subjective measures of cognition was weakened when hearing was impaired. Such a pattern was further evident when both vision and hearing were impaired.

Mental Health Impact of Bullying by Ethnic Peers in Senior Housing: A Study with Older Korean American Residents in the Greater Los Angeles Area.

Using data from Korean-American residents (N = 343) in subsidized senior housing in the Los Angeles area, we examined the effect of peer bullying on mental health. About 18% of the sample had been a target of bullying, and over 31% had witnessed someone being bullied. Being a target of bullying was a significant predictor for both depressive symptoms and anxiety, whereas witnessing other residents being bullied was a significant predictor for anxiety only. Findings shed light on the adverse mental health impacts of peer bullying among ethnic minority older residents in senior housing.

Prescribing Benzodiazepines and Opioids and Clinical Characteristics Associated With 30-Day Hospital Return in Patients Aged ≥75 Years: Secondary Data Analysis.

PURPOSE: The current study compared prevalence of opioid or benzodiazepine (BZD) prescription and co-prescription of opioids and BZD at discharge and return to a community hospital within 30 days, as well as identified clinical characteristics associated with hospital return in patients aged ≥75 years. METHOD: A secondary analysis of a database created during implementation of the Safe Transitions for At Risk Patients program at a 400-bed community teaching hospital in south Florida was conducted. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify significant demographic and clinical characteristics associated with return to the hospital within 30 days of discharge. RESULTS: A total of 24,262 participants (52.6% women) with a mean age of 85.3 (SD = 6.42) years were included. More than 20% in each central nervous system prescription group (i.e., opioids only, BZD only, opioids and BZD) returned to the hospital within 30 days of discharge. Demographic and chronic conditions (e.g., congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes) and poly-pharmacy were significant factors of a 30-day return to the hospital. CONCLUSION: Findings highlight the importance of hospital nurses' role in identifying high-risk patients, educating patients and caregivers, monitoring them closely, communicating with primary care physicians and specialists, and conducting intensive follow up via telephone to avoid 30-day rehospitalization. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 50(4), 25-33.].

Intervention to promote preventive dental care for older Korean-American Medi-Cal enrollees in Los Angeles.

BACKGROUND: In California, preventive dental care is covered by Medi-Cal (California's Medicaid program). However, many beneficiaries do not use their dental benefits. Given that a lack of knowledge about oral health and insurance coverage contributes to this underutilization, promoting the use of dental benefits among eligible individuals via an educational program is imperative. Responding to the particular needs of older immigrants with limited English proficiency, we developed a digital oral health intervention for older Korean-American Medi-Cal enrollees in Los Angeles. This educational intervention is designed to be delivered via computers and the Internet. It consists of a 15-min self-running PowerPoint presentation narrated in Korean with links to additional information on the Internet. The slides contain information about the basic etiology of oral diseases, oral hygiene, common myths about oral health and dental care, Medi-Cal coverage of preventive dental care, and how to find a dental clinic. METHODS: We pilot tested the intervention with 12 participants to examine its feasibility and acceptability. We also obtained participants' qualitative feedback about the intervention. RESULTS: A post-intervention quantitative assessment yielded high participant satisfaction and improved oral health and dental care knowledge. Participant responses to the intervention yielded four themes: (1) content and structure, (2) linguistic and cultural aspects, (3) delivery mode, and (4) additional concerns and suggestions. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm the intervention's feasibility and acceptability and suggest further refinement.

Integrated Assessment for the Estrogenic Effects of Pyrethroid Compounds: Defining the Molecular Initiating Events and Key Events for the Adverse Outcome Pathway.

Pyrethroids, which are derived from natural insecticides found in chrysanthemum flowers, are widely utilized in various sectors, including agriculture, forestry, horticulture, and personal insect protection. Due to their widespread use, concerns have arisen regarding their potential estrogenic effects on female reproductive health. This review aims to address data gaps and inconsistencies in previous studies by defining molecular initiating events and key events within the adverse outcome pathway associated with pyrethroid-induced estrogenic effects. To achieve this, we propose utilizing Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment (IATA), which incorporate in vitro assays and in vivo assessments to comprehensively investigate the estrogenic effects of pyrethroids. An initial search was conducted in the PubMed database to identify relevant articles. Subsequently, the findings were classified according to the IATA strategy. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of pyrethroids and their estrogenic effects, identifies data gaps, and highlights the use of IATA in existing studies on the estrogenic effects of various pyrethroids. It emphasizes the urgent need for comprehensive research on the estrogenic effects of pyrethroids and highlights the importance of standardized testing methods like IATA to accurately assess their impact on human and environmental health. By promoting the use of Integrated Testing Strategies (ITSs) and addressing data gaps, researchers and regulators can enhance the accuracy of assessments, ensuring better protection of human and environmental health from the potential estrogenic effects of pyrethroid exposure.

Examining cultural adaptations of the savvy caregiver program for Korean American caregivers using the framework for reporting adaptations and modifications-enhanced (FRAME).

BACKGROUND: The Framework for Reporting Adaptations and Modifications-Enhanced (FRAME) is a tool that systematically guides decision-making and reporting of adaptations made to evidence-based interventions. Using FRAME, we documented the process and outcomes of adapting the Savvy Caregiver Program (SCP) for Korean American dementia caregivers. METHODS: Sequential adaptation was initiated with linguistic attunement, followed by pilot implementation and full adaptation. Our data-driven adaptation with multiple data sources and a feedback loop among multiple stakeholders yielded a total of 32 modifications, and each was coded according to the eight domains of FRAME: (1) what was modified, (2) who participated in recommending and deciding the modification to be made, (3) when the modification occurred, (4) whether the modification was planned, (5) whether the modification was fidelity-consistent, (6) whether the modification was temporary, (7) at what level of delivery, the modification was made, and (8) why the modification was made. RESULTS: The areas of adaptation were evenly distributed across context (37.5%), content (31.2%), and training (31.2%). The primary reasons for modification were for engagement (62.5%), followed by fit with recipients (43.8%) and outcome improvement (31.1%). About 66% of the modifications were applied to the entire target group, and all modifications were fidelity-consistent. CONCLUSIONS: The FRAME categorization provided a detailed understanding of the process and nature of adapting the SCP and served as a foundation for further implementation and scale-up. FRAME not only serves as a guide for adapting evidence-based interventions but also promotes their replicability and scalability.

Quantum computing dataset of maximum independent set problem on king lattice of over hundred Rydberg atoms.

Finding the maximum independent set (MIS) of a large-size graph is a nondeterministic polynomial-time (NP)-complete problem not efficiently solvable with classical computations. Here, we present a set of quantum adiabatic computing data of Rydberg-atom experiments performed to solve the MIS problem of up to 141 atoms randomly arranged on the king lattice. A total of 582,916 events of Rydberg-atom measurements are collected for experimental MIS solutions of 733,853 different graphs. We provide the raw image data along with the entire binary determinations of the measured many-body ground states and the classified graph data, to offer bench-mark testing and advanced data-driven analyses for validation of the performance and system improvements of the Rydberg-atom approach.

Mental health outcomes of multiracial individuals: A systematic review between the years 2016 and 2022.

BACKGROUND: Emerging evidence suggests that multiracial individuals are at high risk for mental health problems. Systematic and ongoing synthesis of literature is necessary to understand mental health among multiracial individuals. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of scholarly articles published during the years 2016-2022. Studies must have focused explicitly on mental health outcomes of biracial/multiracial individuals using quantitative methods. A total of 22 articles met criteria for this review. RESULTS: Studies were mainly from the United States, with one study from the United Kingdom and one from the Netherlands. Sample sizes ranged from 57 to 393,681. Findings revealed a complicated picture between multiracial identity and mental health, which may be a function of how multiracial identity is defined and empirically examined. Among studies comparing multiracial individuals with monoracial groups, multiracial individuals tended to have worse mental health, with notable exceptions depending on the multiracial subgroup, the mental health outcome, and the reference group. Among studies that only examined multiracial individuals, discrimination and ethno-racial identity emerged as complex explanatory factors that can shape mental health, though each of these constructs can be explored more deeply across social milieu. LIMITATIONS: The review focused on studies explicitly examining multiracial mental health, published during a limited time frame. CONCLUSION: Multiracial individuals tended to have worse mental health outcomes compared to their monoracial counterparts, with variations depending on the outcomes, populations/subgroups, contexts, and reference groups. Racial discrimination and ethno-racial identity may shape mental health trajectories of multiracial people, calling for more research to inform targeted interventions.

Mixture Effects of Bisphenol A and Its Structural Analogs on Estrogen Receptor Transcriptional Activation.

Bisphenol A (BPA) exposure has been widely linked to endocrine-disrupting effects. Recently, many substitutes for BPA have been developed as safe structural analogs. However, they have still been reported to have similar adverse effects. The current study evaluated the effects of bisphenol A and eight structural analogs on the transcription of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). The effects of binary and ternary mixtures prepared from different combinations of BPA analogs were also evaluated for transcription activity. The measured data of the mixtures were compared to the predicted data obtained by the full logistic model, and the model deviation ratio (MDR) was calculated to determine whether the effects were synergistic, antagonistic, or additive. Overall, the results suggest that the effect of bisphenol compound are additive in binary and ternary mixtures.

Online Chair Yoga and Digital Learning for Rural Underserved Older Adults at Risk for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias.

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a home-based online chair yoga (OCY) program for racially and ethnically diverse rural community-dwelling older adults. METHODS: We randomly assigned participants to OCY or a computer brain game (CBG). After a computer literacy training led by high school students, participants engaged in remotely supervised OCY or CBG in twice-weekly 45-minute sessions for 12 weeks. Outcome data (pain interference, cognitive function, mobility, computer skills) were collected at baseline, post-intervention, and 3-month follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 32 eligible residents with mean age of 71 years participated in this intervention study. The interventions were feasible (100% recruitment rate, 96.8% retention rate, 100% safety rate). There were significant improvements in pain interference, cognitive function, mobility, and computer skills from baseline to follow-up among participants in both OCY and CBG but no significant differences in outcomes between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary results indicated that the CBG was as effective as online OCY in clinical outcomes in these participants. However, this should be confirmed in future studies. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: This telehealth-based intervention is feasible for older adults in rural and digitally underserved communities and could provide a strategy for delivering health-promoting interventions for home-bound older adults at risk for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) and connect caregivers to online resources.

Facilitators and barriers to using AI-enabled robots with older adults in long-term care from staff perspective: a scoping review protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Assistive and service robots have been increasingly designed and deployed in long-term care (LTC) but little evidence guides their use. This scoping review synthesises existing studies on facilitators and barriers to using artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled robots with older adults in LTC settings. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will follow the Joanna Briggs Institute's scoping review methodology for the study, to be conducted from November 2023 to April 2024. We will focus on literature exploring the use of AI-enabled robots with older adults in an LTC setting from healthcare providers' perspectives. Three steps will be taken: (a) keywords and index terms will be identified from MEDLINE and CINAHL databases; (b) comprehensive searches will be conducted in MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, AgeLine, PsycINFO, ProQuest and Google, using keywords and index terms identified in step (a); and (c) examining reference lists of the included studies and selecting items in the reference lists which meet the inclusion criteria. Searches for grey literature will also be conducted via Google. The results will be presented in a charting table and a narrative summary will be presented in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews checklist. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethics approval and participation consent are not required because the data are publicly available. The results will be presented via a journal article and conference presentations.

Feasibility and Efficacy of Addiction-Focused Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing in Adults with Substance Use Disorder.

PURPOSE: Addiction-focused eye movement desensitization reprocessing (AF-EMDR) is a viable add-on therapy to treat memories that drive addiction cravings. However, little research has explored AF-EMDR and its effects in people with substance abuse disorder (SUD). The purposes of this study were to determine the feasibility of conducting AF-EMDR and to test the preliminary efficacy of AF-EMDR on overall cravings experienced by persons with SUD, craving, perseverations associated with addiction, and irrational cognitions related to addiction. METHODS: This pilot study used a two-arm randomized controlled trial (RCT) design with an experimental group (AF-EMDR + cognitive behavioral therapy [CBT]) and a control group (CBT Only). Thirty participants were recruited from a residential program or a partial hospitalization program in a recovery center in Florida, from October 2021 through January 2022 and randomly assigned to the experimental group (n = 15) or the control group (n = 15). RESULTS: All participants adhered to the four-session 60-min AF-EMDR intervention and post-intervention data collection; 98.33% completed all four sessions. Results indicated significant reductions in cravings, perseverative thoughts about substance of choice, and irrational cognitions among participants in both the experimental (AF-EMDR + CBT) and control (CBT Only) groups during the intervention; however, there was no significant difference between groups. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed positive trends in decreasing craving. However, more clinical trials with a larger sample are necessary to assess the efficacy and sustainability of such effects in persons with SUD.

Changes in Depressive Symptoms of Korean American Dementia Caregivers After Attending the Savvy Caregiver Program: Preliminary Findings with a Pilot Sample.

OBJECTIVES: Language accommodation is indispensable in making evidence-based interventions available and accessible to ethnic minorities with limited English proficiency. As part of the larger effort to culturally adapt the Savvy Caregiver Program for Korean American dementia caregivers, we first conducted linguistic adaptation, and the present study reports the preliminary findings on participants' changes in depressive Symptoms. METHODS: The linguistically adapted program was delivered to two small groups of Korean American dementia caregivers (total n = 13) by two Savvy-certified Korean-speaking trainers. Participants' depressive symptoms were assessed at three time points (pre-intervention, immediate post-intervention, and 6-month follow-up). RESULTS: Following the intervention, participants exhibited lowered depressive symptoms (t = 8.64, p < .001, Cohen's d = .89). This benefit was sustained at 6-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that the therapeutic benefit of the Savvy Caregiver Program could potentially be shared with linguistic minorities when delivered in their native language. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Although limited in its scope and nature, the pilot study with linguistic adaptation sheds light on efforts to close the gap in the evidence-based intervention delivery.

Trends of legionellosis reported in Jeju Province, Republic of Korea, 2015-2022.

BACKGROUND: The number of reported cases of Legionnaires' disease (LD) in the Republic of Korea surged nationally in 2016; however, in 2022, this number was higher in Jeju Province than the previous national peak. A descriptive epidemiological study was conducted to analyze trends in the incidence of reported LD cases in Jeju Island from 2015 to 2022. METHODS: The data for this study were obtained from case reports submitted to the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency through its Disease and Health Integrated Management System. The selection criteria were cases or suspected cases of LD reported among Jeju residents between 2015 and 2022. The 95% confidence interval of the crude incidence rate was calculated using the Poisson distribution. RESULTS: Since 2020, the incidence rate of LD in Jeju has risen sharply, showing a statistically significant difference from the national incidence rate. A particular medical institution in Jeju reported a significant number of LD cases. Screening with the urine antigen test (UAT) also increased significantly. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that the rapid increase in cases of LD in Jeju Province since 2020 was due to the characteristics of medical-care use among Jeju residents, which were focused on a specific medical institution. According to their clinical practice guidelines, this medical institution conducted UATs to screen patients suspected of pneumonia.

Synthesis of 1-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-3,4-diphenyl-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione analogues and their anti-inflammatory activities in lipopolysaccharide-induced BV2 cells.

A series of thalidomide analogues, where the fused benzene ring in the phthalimide moiety was converted into two separated diphenyl rings in maleimide moiety and N-aminoglutarimide moiety was replaced by substituted phenyl moiety, were synthesized and evaluated for their NO inhibitory activities on BV2 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Among the synthesized compounds, the dimethylaminophenyl analogue 1s (IC50 = 7.1 µM) showed significantly higher inhibitory activity than the glutarimide analogue 1a (IC50 > 50 µM) and suppressed NO production dose-dependently without cytotoxicity. In addition, 1s inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) by blocking nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and p38 MAPK pathways. These results demonstrated that 1s showed good anti-inflammatory activity and could become a leading compound for the treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases.

Safety Concerns for Persons with Dementia in Senior Housing: A Qualitative Study with Korean American Caregivers in Los Angeles.

Subsidized senior housing helps many socioeconomically disadvantaged older adults pursue independent living and aging in place. However, cognitive impairment or dementia poses a critical challenge to many residents' ability to live independently and safely. Focusing on Korean American dementia caregivers, a group known to be vulnerable to caregiving burden but understudied, we explored the safety of persons with dementia in senior housing from the perspectives of caregivers. Qualitative data from nine caregivers whose care recipients were current or former residents of subsidized senior housing in Los Angeles were analyzed by the constant comparative method. Major concerns emerged were: (1) fire risks, (2) wandering, (3) physical injury (e.g., self-harm, falls), and (4) potential neglect. Caregivers also mentioned errors in the self-administration of medications, potential financial exploitation, and interpersonal conflicts. These concerns provide implications for services and programs for the safety of persons with dementia who live in senior housing.

Global rural health disparities in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias: State of the science.

INTRODUCTION: Individuals living in rural communities are at heightened risk for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD), which parallels other persistent place-based health disparities. Identifying multiple potentially modifiable risk factors specific to rural areas that contribute to ADRD is an essential first step in understanding the complex interplay between various barriers and facilitators. METHODS: An interdisciplinary, international group of ADRD researchers convened to address the overarching question of: "What can be done to begin minimizing the rural health disparities that contribute uniquely to ADRD?" In this state of the science appraisal, we explore what is known about the biological, behavioral, sociocultural, and environmental influences on ADRD disparities in rural settings. RESULTS: A range of individual, interpersonal, and community factors were identified, including strengths of rural residents in facilitating healthy aging lifestyle interventions. DISCUSSION: A location dynamics model and ADRD-focused future directions are offered for guiding rural practitioners, researchers, and policymakers in mitigating rural disparities. HIGHLIGHTS: Rural residents face heightened Alzheimer's disease and related dementia (ADRD) risks and burdens due to health disparities. Defining the unique rural barriers and facilitators to cognitive health yields insight. The strengths and resilience of rural residents can mitigate ADRD-related challenges. A novel "location dynamics" model guides assessment of rural-specific ADRD issues.

The mixture effect of propyl paraben and bisphenol A on the uterotrophic response in the ovariectomized rats after oral administration.

Recent studies reported bisphenol A (BPA) and propyl paraben (PrP) are found in human urine, blood, and breast milk samples as well as in food, packaging, socks, and clothes. This means that the two chemicals co-exist in consumer products, and humans are exposed simultaneously to the mixture chemicals. However, the studies on the mixture effects of the two chemicals on human health are not enough. This study was designed to elucidate the effects of orally administered PrP, BPA, and their mixture effects on the uterotrophic response using ovariectomized rats. In addition, the correlation between the uterotrophic response and tissue concentrations of the two chemicals was studied to investigate whether one chemical has any effect on the absorption, distribution, or excretion of the other chemical. Histopathology, hematology, and plasma biochemistry analysis were also performed to evaluate the chemicals' toxicological effects in the treated rats. Although a significant increase in uterus weight (absolute and relative) was observed in the positive chemical (17ß-estradiol) treated group, there were no statistical differences in the uterus weight between the vehicle control and the chemical-treated groups. However, a slight increase in the endometrial glands and a change in the cuboidal to columnar epithelium of the endometrial epithelium were observed in the mixture-treated group. There was no significant toxicity in all treated groups by the hematology and plasma biochemistry analysis results. The results of tissue distribution showed that BPA was mostly detected in the liver while PrP was not detected in most tissues, and the BPA level was higher when the rats were treated with PrP than without PrP, suggesting that PrP may increase the absorption of BPA after oral administration.

AD-1 Small Molecule Improves Learning and Memory Function in Scopolamine-Induced Amnesic Mice Model through Regulation of CREB/BDNF and NF-κB/MAPK Signaling Pathway.

Cognitive decline and memory impairment induced by oxidative brain damage are the critical pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Based on the potential neuroprotective effects of AD-1 small molecule, we here explored the possible underlying mechanisms of the protective effect of AD-1 small molecule against scopolamine-induced oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neuronal apoptosis. According to our findings, scopolamine administration resulted in increased AChE activity, MDA levels, and decreased antioxidant enzymes, as well as the downregulation of the antioxidant response proteins of Nrf2 and HO-1 expression; however, treatment with AD-1 small molecule mitigated the generation of oxidant factors while restoring the antioxidant enzymes status, in addition to improving antioxidant protein levels. Similarly, AD-1 small molecule significantly increased the protein expression of neuroprotective markers such as BDNF and CREB and promoted memory processes in scopolamine-induced mice. Western blot analysis showed that AD-1 small molecule reduced activated microglia and astrocytes via the attenuation of iba-1 and GFAP protein expression. We also found that scopolamine enhanced the phosphorylation of NF-κB/MAPK signaling and, conversely, that AD-1 small molecule significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of NF-κB/MAPK signaling in the brain regions of hippocampus and cortex. We further found that scopolamine promoted neuronal loss by inducing Bax and caspase-3 and reducing the levels of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. In contrast, AD-1 small molecule significantly decreased the levels of apoptotic markers and increased neuronal survival. Furthermore, AD-1 small molecule ameliorated scopolamine-induced impairments in spatial learning behavior and memory formation. These findings revealed that AD-1 small molecule attenuated scopolamine-induced cognitive and memory dysfunction by ameliorating AChE activity, oxidative brain damage, neuroinflammation, and neuronal apoptosis.